Reviving Forgotten Foods: Agronomic Performance and Economic Potential of Underutilized Indigenous Crops in Sub-Saharan Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46243/jst.2025.v10.i12.pp11-34Keywords:
underutilized indigenous crops, traditional crops, nutritional security, food securityAbstract
Crop diversification is increasingly recognized as a cornerstone of global strategies for sustainable
agriculture, climate resilience, and nutritional security. In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), underutilized
indigenous crops such as sorghum, millet, Bambara groundnut, fonio, and amaranth offer a unique
combination of agronomic adaptability, nutrient density, and cultural relevance. These species have
evolved under local agroecological pressures, conferring tolerance to drought, heat, and marginal soils
while contributing to dietary diversity and rural income generation. Despite their potential, indigenous
crops remain marginalized in research, policy, and markets.
References
Witcombe, J. R., Joshi, A., Joshi, K. D., & Sthapit,B. (1996). Farmer participatory crop improvementPart I. Varietal selection and breeding methodsand their impact on biodiversity
Galluzzi, G., Estrada, R., Apaza, V., Gamarra, M., Pérez, Á., Gamarra, G., Altamirano, A., Cáceres, G., Gonza, V., Sevilla, R., López Noriega, I., & Jäger, M. (2015). Participatory breeding in the Peruvian highlands: Opportunities and challenges for promoting conservation and sustainable use of underutilized crops. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 30(5), 408–417. https:// doi.org/10.1017/S1742170514000179
Abberton, M., Paliwal, R., Faloye, B., Marimagne, T., Moriam, A., & Oyatomi, O. (2022). Indigenous African Orphan Legumes: Potential for Food and Nutrition Security in SSA. Frontiers in Sustainable fsufs.2022.708124
Breen, C., Ndlovu, N., McKeown, P. C., & Spillane,C. (2024). Legume seed system performance in sub-Saharan Africa: barriers, opportunities, and scaling options. A review. Agronomy for SustainableDevelopment, 44.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-024- 00956-6
Paliwal, R., Adegboyega, T. T., Abberton, M., Faloye, B., & Oyatomi, O. (2021). Potential of genomics for the improvement of underutilized legumes in sub-Saharan Africa. 3(3). https:// doi.org/10.1002/LEG3.69
Kaczmarek, T., Causse, S., Abdul, S. D.,Abraham, S., Achigan-Dako, E. G., Adjé, C. A., Adjebeng-Danquah, J., Agyare, R. Y., Akanvou, L., Bakasso, Y., Barry, M. B., Bonsu, S. K., Calatayud, C., Conde, S., Couderc, M., Dachi, S. N., Diallo, T., Diop, B. M., Deu, M., … Billot, C. (2023). Towards conservation and sustainable use of an indigenous crop: A large partnership network enabled the genetic diversity assessment of 1539 fonio (Digitaria exilis) accessions. Plants, People, Planet. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10424
Sanders, H. L., Hollington, P. A., Pasquini, M. W., & Chiappini Carpena, P. (2015). How can we remove barriers to increased usage of indigenous crops. 1102, 127–134.https://doi. org/10.17660/ACTAHORTIC.2015.110 2.15
Mgwenya, L. I., Agholor, I. A., Ludidi, N., Morepje,M. T., Sithole, M. Z., Msweli, N. S., & Thabane, V. N. (2025). Unpacking the Multifaceted Benefits of Indigenous Crops for Food Security: A Review of Nutritional, Economic and Environmental Impacts in Southern Africa. World, 6(1), 16.https://doi. org/10.3390/world6010016
Akinola, R., Pereira, L., Mabhaudhi, T., de Bruin, F.-M., & Rusch, L. (2020). A Review of Indigenous Food Crops in Africa and the Implications for more Sustainable and Healthy Food Systems. Sustainability, 12(8), 3493
McEwan, M., Almekinders, C. J. M., Andrade-Piedra, J., Delaquis, E., Garrett, K. A., Kumar, L., Mayanja, S., Omondi, B. A., Rajendran, S., & Thiele, G. (2021). Breaking through the 40% adoption ceiling: Mind the seed system gaps. Outlook on Agriculture, 50(1), 5–12. https:// doi.org/10.1177/0030727021989346
Wahab, I., Hall, O., & Jirström, M. (2018). Remote Sensing of Yields: Application of UAV Imagery-Derived NDVI for Estimating Maize Vigor and Yields in Complex Farming Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2(3), 28.https://doi. org/10.3390/DRONES2030028
Pazhanivelan, S., Sudarmanian, N. S., Satheesh, S., & Ragunath, K. P. (2025). Innovative Approaches to Bengal gram Yield Mapping: Integration of Sentinel-1 SAR and Crop Simulation Models for Precision Agriculture. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 31(1), 449–460. https://doi. org/10.9734/jsrr/2025/v31i12788
Kumari, M., Suman, S., & Prasad, D. (2024). Crop Yield Prediction using Remote Sensing: A Review. https://doi.org/10.1109/ iccica60014.2024.105845 91
Lungu, O. N., Chabala, L. M., & Shepande, C. (2020). Satellite-Based Crop Monitoring and Yield Estimation—A Review. The Journal of Nathaniel Kwawu, Benjamin Yennuna Konyannik, Funchious Paul Mensah, Ebenezer Adukpo, Godwin Mensah, Bright Agbolosu, Pius Yao Adenyo, Hope Adeti Mensah, Mike Akpatsu Kenin, Kiven Leslie Larkai: Reviving Forgotten Foods: Agronomic Performance and Economic Potential of Underutilized Indigenous Crops in Sub-Saharan Africa Agricultural Science, 13(1), 180.https://doi. org/10.5539/JAS.V13N1P180
Asalla, I., Botchway Frimpong, D., & Nakalembe,C. (2024). Field-Scale Yield Estimation Using Remote Sensing Time-Aggregate Variables. 9716–9720. https://doi. org/10.1109/igarss53475.2024.10642 941
Kavipriya, J., & Vadivu, G. (2024). Exploring Crop Yield Prediction with Remote Sensing Imagery and AI.https://doi.org/10.1109/ accai61061.2024.106018 54
Sangeetha, C., Moond, V., M., R. G., Damor, J. S., Pandey, S., Kumar, P., & Singh, B. (2024). Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems for Precision Agriculture: A Review. International Journal of Enviornment and Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.9734/ ijecc/2024/v14i23945
Ibrahem, N. T. (2024). Crop Yield Prediction and Spectral Growth Zones. https://doi. org/10.5772/intechopen.1006652
Guntuka, S. (2024). Al-driven Precision Agriculture: Advancing Crop Yield Prediction. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, 6(5).https://doi.org/10.36948/ ijfmr 2024.v06i05.2955
Masinde, M., & Thothela, P. N. (2019). ITIKI Plus: A Mobile Based Application for Integrating Indigenous Knowledge and Scientific Agro-Climate Decision Support for Africa’s Small-Scale Farmers. 303–309.https://doi. org/10.1109/INFOCT.2019.8711059
Patra, K., Bhosle, A. A., Kothari, D., & Nagarhalli,T. P. (2024). DigiFarmer: Precision Agriculture Empowered by Machine Learning for Sustainable Crop Management.https:// doi.org/10.1109/icnwc60771.2024.105372 43
AgroNIT: Innovating Precision Agriculture. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1109/ giis56506.2022.9937000
Venugopal, B., Aguilera Fernández, E., Shekhar, K., Krishnanunni, V. S., & Govind, L. (2024). Revolutionizing Precision Agriculture: A Comprehensive Review of Innovative Technologies and Application in Digital Farming. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, 6(1). https://doi. org/10.36948/ijfmr 2024.v06i01.12825
Raimi, L., Panait, M., & Sule, R. (2021). Leveraging Precision Agriculture for Sustainable Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa: A TheoreticalDiscourse (pp. 491–509). Springer, Singapore. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-981-16-3260-0_21
Kareska, K. (n.d.). Digital Agriculture as a Response to the Challenges in the Modern Agricultural Sector. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.4549236
Nyetanyane, J., & Masinde, M. (2020). Integration of Indigenous Knowledge, Climate Data, Satellite Imagery and Machine Learning to Optimize Cropping Decisions by Small-Scale Farmers. a Case Study of uMgungundlovu District Municipality, South Africa (pp. 3–19). Springer, Cham. https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51051-0_1
Joshi, P., Das, D., Udutalapally, V., & Misra, S. C. (n.d.). FarmEdge-A Unified Edge Computing Framework Enabling Digital Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.1109/ ises52644.2021.00065
Nivi, V., G. A, S., Geerthik, S., Karuppaiya, M., Muthukumaran, A., & Suganya, T. (2024). AgriBot : An Integrated Chatbot Platform for Precision Agriculture and Farmer Support using Deep Learning Techniques. 1–6. https:// doi.org/10.1109/icpects62210.2024.10780 432
Appropriate Post-Harvest Technologies for Biofortified Crops Pro Enhanced Utilization, Value Addition, and Micronutrient Retention. (2023). IntechOpen eBooks.https://doi. org/10.5772/intechopen.110473
Kirigia, D., Kasili, R., & Mibus, H. (2017). African Leafy Vegetables Pre-harvest and Post-harvest constrains and Technologies for losses reduction along the field to consumer chain. Journal of Horticultural Science, 12, 51–60. http://hakenya.net/ajhs/index.php/ ajhs/article/vi ew/185 Nathaniel Kwawu, Benjamin Yennuna Konyannik, Funchious Paul Mensah, Ebenezer Adukpo, Godwin Mensah, Bright Agbolosu, Pius Yao Adenyo, Hope Adeti Mensah, Mike Akpatsu Kenin, Kiven Leslie Larkai: Reviving Forgotten Foods: Agronomic Performance and Economic Potential of Underutilized Indigenous Crops in Sub-Saharan Africa
Saran, S., Roy, S. K., & Kitinoja, L. (2012). Appropriate postharvest technologies for small scale horticultural farmers and marketers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia-Part 2. Field trial results and identification of research needs for selected crops. 934, 41–52. https:// doi.org/10.17660/ACTAHORTIC.2012.934
Gil, M. I. (2022). Innovative and sustainable solutions to reduce postharvest losses. International Journal of Postharvest Technology and Innovation, 8(2/3), 173. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpti.2022.121878
Tian, H. (2022). Innovative and sustainable solutions to reduce postharvest losses. International Journal of Postharvest Technology and Innovation, 8(2/3), 173.https://doi. org/10.1504/ijpti.2022.10046039
Elolu, S., Byarugaba, R., Opiyo, A. M., Nakimbugwe, D., Mithöfer, D., & Huyskens-Keil, S. (2023). Improving nutrition-sensitive value chains ofAfrican indigenous vegetables: current trends in postharvest management and processing. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7.https://doi.org/10.3389/ fsufs.2023.1118021
Issah, P. (2014). Traditional Drying Techniques for Fruits and Vegetables Losses Alleviation in Sub-Saharan Africa
Akinniyi, J. N., & Ejoh, N. M. (2022). Plantain storage techniques in nigeria: a review to drive innovation opportunities through post-harvest technologies. Open Journal of Agriculture, 3(2), 13–40. https://doi.org/10.52417/ojas. v3i2.589
Skåra, T., Løvdal, T., Skipnes, D., Mehlomakulu,N. N., Mapengo, C. R., Baah, R. O., & Emmambux,M. N. (2022). Drying of vegetable and root crops by solar, infrared, microwave, and radio frequency as energy efficient methods: A review. Food Reviews International, 1–21.https://doi.org/10.1080/ 87559129.2022.2148688
Mayanja, I., & Oluk, I. (2023). Intermediate Technologies: The Key to Eradicating Postharvest Losses (PHLs) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). https://doi.org/10.56557/ jafsat/2023/v10i48419
Kirigia, D., Kasili, R., & Mibus, H. (2017). African Leafy Vegetables Pre-harvest and Post-harvest constrains and Technologies for losses reduction along the field to consumer chain. Journal of Horticultural Science, 12, 51–60. http://hakenya.net/ajhs/index.php/ ajhs/article/vi ew/185
Gil, M. I. (2022). Innovative and sustainable solutions to reduce postharvest losses. International Journal of Postharvest Technology and Innovation, 8(2/3), 173. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijpti.2022.121878
Tian, H. (2022). Innovative and sustainable solutions to reduce postharvest losses. International Journal of Postharvest Technology and Innovation, 8(2/3), 173.https://doi. org/10.1504/ijpti.2022.10046039
Stathers, T., Holcroft, D., Kitinoja, L., Mvumi, B. M., English, A., Omotilewa, O., Kocher, M., Ault, J., & Torero, M. (2020). A scoping review of interventions for crop postharvest loss reduction in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. 3(10), 821–835. https://doi. org/10.1038/S41893-020-00622-1
Kitinoja, L. (2013). Innovative Small-scale Postharvest Technologies for reducing losses in Horticultural Crops. 1, 9–15. http://ejhs. ju.edu.et/index.php/ejast/article/view/538
Anusha, M., Sri, K. R., Lokesh, M., Deepthi, N. M., & Malleswari, M. D. (2024). Postharvest Management Techniques for Improved Shelf Life of Horticultural Crops: A Review. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 46(11),362–380.https://doi.org/10.9734/ jeai/2024/v46i113059
Appropriate Post-Harvest Technologies for Biofortified Crops Pro Enhanced Utilization, Value Addition, and Micronutrient Retention. (2023). IntechOpen eBooks.https://doi. org/10.5772/intechopen.110473
Clark, L. F., & Hobbs, J. E. (2018). Beyond the Farm Gate: Postharvest Loss and the Role of Agro-Processors in Sub-Saharan African Food Security. International Journal on Food System Dynamics, 9(3), 253–264. https://doi. org/10.18461/IJFSD.V9I3.934
Hodges, R. J., Bennett, B., Bernard, M., & Nathaniel Kwawu, Benjamin Yennuna Konyannik, Funchious Paul Mensah, Ebenezer Adukpo, Godwin Mensah, Bright Agbolosu, Pius Yao Adenyo, Hope Adeti Mensah, Mike Akpatsu Kenin, Kiven Leslie Larkai: Reviving Forgotten Foods: Agronomic Performance and Economic Potential of Underutilized Indigenous Crops in Sub-Saharan Africa Rembold, F. (2013). Tackling post-harvest cereal losses in sub-Saharan Africa. https:// gala.gre.ac.uk/10205/
Ndlovu, M., Scheelbeek, P., Ngidi, M. S. C., & Mabhaudhi, T. (2024). Underutilized crops for diverse, resilient and healthy agrifood systems: a systematic review of sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 8.https://doi.org/10.3389/ fsufs.2024.1498402
Abberton, M., Paliwal, R., Faloye, B., Marimagne, T., Moriam, A., & Oyatomi, O. (2022). Indigenous African Orphan Legumes: Potential for Food and Nutrition Security in SSA. Frontiers in Sustainable fsufs.2022.708124
Securing the Genetic Base of Indigenous Food Plants (pp. 337–350). (2022). CRC Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003178880-20
Unuigbe, N. F. (2024). Ecological Integrity and Indigenous Farming org/10.4324/9781003440871-10
Materechera, S. A. (2021). Relevance of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Sustaining Agriculture Under Smallholder Farming in Sub-Saharan Africa (pp. 37–55). Springer, 74693-3_3
Sanders, H. L., Hollington, P. A., Pasquini, M. W., & Chiappini Carpena, P. (2015). How can we remove barriers to increased usage of indigenous crops. 1102, 127–134.https://doi. org/10.17660/ACTAHORTIC.2015.110 2.15
Sambo, B. E. (2014). Endangered, Neglected, Indigenous Resilient Crops: A Potential against Climate Change Impact for Sustainable Crop Productivity and Food Security. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 7(2), 34–
https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-07223441
Van der Merwe, J. D., Cloete, P. C., & van der Hoeven, M. (2016). Promoting food security through indigenous and traditional food crops. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2016.11 59642
Muyambo, T., & Shava, S. (2021). Indigenous Crop Production for Sustainable Livelihoods: a Case of uninga in the Rural Areas of South-Eastern Zimbabwe.https://doi.org/10.1007/ S42413-020-00102-6
Khan, A. N. M. S. N. (2023). Marginal Areas and Indigenous People Priorities for Research and Action (pp. 261–279). Springer eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703- 5_14
Munialo, S., Siddique, K. H. M., Barker, N. P.,Onyango, C. M., Amissah, J. N., Wamalwa, L. N.,Qwabe, Q., Dougill, A. J., & Sibanda, L. M. (2024). Reorienting research investments toward under-researched crops for sustainable food systems. Food and Energy Security. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.538
Rasane, P., Singhal, S., Kaur, S., Singh, J., & Sarma, C. (2019). Indigenous products of the Indian subcontinent containing cereals and dairy: from tradition to commercialization. Current Nutrition & Food Science.https:// doi.org/10.2174/15734013146661807021 02335
Mathews, C. (2010). An overview of indigenous crop development by the Mpumalanga Department of Agriculture and Land Administration (DALA). The South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 27(4), 337–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2010.10 64000 5
Swiderska, K., Argumedo, A., Wekesa, C., Ndalilo, L., Song, Y., Rastogi, A., & Ryan, P. (2022). Indigenous Peoples’ Food Systems and Biocultural Heritage: Addressing Indigenous Priorities Using Decolonial and Interdisciplinary Research Approaches. Sustainability, 14(18), 11311. https://doi. org/10.3390/su141811311
Barnaud, A., Vigouroux, Y., Barry, B., Beavogui, F., Camara, M., Billot, C., Noyer, J.-L., Pham, J. L., & Bakasso, Y. (2013). From advanced to underutilized crops: making fonio benefit from research on major cereals in Africa. 979, 421–430. https://doi. org/10.17660/ACTAHORTIC.2013.979
Love, T., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Understanding Nathaniel Kwawu, Benjamin Yennuna Konyannik, Funchious Paul Mensah, Ebenezer Adukpo, Godwin Mensah, Bright Agbolosu, Pius Yao Adenyo, Hope Adeti Mensah, Mike Akpatsu Kenin, Kiven Leslie Larkai: Reviving Forgotten Foods: Agronomic Performance and Economic Potential of Underutilized Indigenous Crops in Sub-Saharan Africa Indigenous Exploitation Through Performance Based Research
Mobetty, F., Batal, M., Levacher, V., Sebai, I., & Mercille, G. (2024). Exploring Indigenous food sovereignty and food environments characteristics through food interventions in Canada: a scoping review. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 84(1).https:// doi.org/10.1080/22423982.2024.2438428
Eddens, A. (2019). White science and indigenous maize: the racial logics of the Green Revolution. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 46(3), 653–673. https://doi.org/10.1080/030 66150.2017.1395857
Lee, D., Anderson, W., Chen, X., Davenport, F., Shukla, S., Sahajpal, R., Budde, M., Rowland, J., Verdin, J., You, L., Ahouangbenon, M., Davis, K. F., Kebede, A., Ehrmann, S., Justice, C., & Meyer, C. (2024). HarvestStat Africa–Harmonized Subnational Crop Statistics for Sub-Saharan Africa. https://doi. org/10.31223/x5m123
Koffi-Tessio, E. M. (2009). Modelling Climate Change and Agricultural Production in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): In Quest of Statistics. Research Papers in Economics.https://doi. org/10.22004/AG.ECON.50821
Institute, I. F. P. R. (2020).Spatially-Disaggregated Crop Production Statistics Data in Africa South of the Sahara for 2017 spam2017v1r1_ssa_adminlevel1.dbf. zip. https://doi.org/10.7910/dvn/fsskbw/ v4d3cp
Food Policy Research Institute, I. (2020). Spatially-Disaggregated Crop Production Statistics Data in Africa South of the Sahara for 2017 spam2017v1r1_ssa.dbf.zip. https:// doi.org/10.7910/dvn/fsskbw/uhkmbn
Spatially-Disaggregated Crop Production Statistics Data in Africa South of the Sahara for 2017 spam2017v1r1_ssa_harv_area. geotiff.zip.(2020).https://doi.org/10.7910/ dvn/fsskbw/sx0zqc
Zingore, S. (2014). Closing yield gaps in sub-Saharan Africa through Integrated Soil Fertility Management
Institute, I. F. P. R. (2020).Spatially-Disaggregated Crop Production Statistics Data in Africa South of the Sahara for 2017. https://doi.org/10.7910/dvn/fsskbw
Sheahan, M., & Barrett, C. B. (2014). Understanding the agricultural input landscape in Sub-Saharan Africa : recent plot, household, and community-level evidence. World Bank Group, Washington, DC.https:// doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7014




