Epidemics and Pandemics outbreak in India from 19th to 21th Century
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46243/jst.2020.v5.i5.pp59-63Keywords:
Epidemic, Endemic, Pandemic, Tropical climateAbstract
India has witnessed a widespread of illness and viral outbreak throughout century. The diseases may spread from human to human contact, animal to human transmission. Diseases may epidemic, endemic and pandemic in nature. India is great prone to these epidemic and pandemic diseases due to large population and favorable tropical climate of the country. India also has a large disasters prone area which may cause large spreading of many epidemics after post disaster. Pandemics on the other hand, refer to the worldwide spread of diseases. Some of which causes death of million. Millions of people displaced from their home and become homeless. Epidemics or pandemics cause a great loss to Indian society.
References
Cleetus, B. (2020). Tropics of disease: Epidemics in colonial India. Economic and Political Weekly, 55(21)
Arnold, D. (1986). Cholera and colonialism in British India. Past and Present, 113(1), 118–151. https://doi.org/10.1093/past/113.1.118
Charles, R. C., & Ryan, E. T. (2011). Chol era in the 21st century. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 24(5), 472–477. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834a88af
WHO, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2001_08_14/en/
Weil, A. A., & Ryan, E. T. (2018). Cholera: Recent updates. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 31(5), 455–461. https://doi.org/10.1097/QCO.0000000000000474
Echenberg.j, Myron (2007). Plague ports: the global urban impact of bubonic plague, 1894-1901. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0814722329. OCLC 70292105
Akins, P. T., Belko, J., Uyeki, T. M., Axelrod, Y., Lee, K. K., & Silverthorn, J. (2010). H1N1 encephalitis with malignant ed ema and review of neurologic complications from influenza. Neurocritical Care, 13(3), 396–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-010-9436-0
Fominykh, V. V., Frei, E. A., Brylev, L. V., & Gulyaeva, N. V. (2018). Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Disease of the 21st Century at the Crossroads of Neurology and Psychiatry.Neurochemical Journal, 12(4), 311–323. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1819712418040037
McCall, S., Vilensky, J. A., Gilman, S., & Taubenberger, J. K. (2008). The relationship between encephalitis lethargica and i nfluenza: A critical analysis. Journal of NeuroVirology, 14(3), 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/13550280801995445
Lo, K. C., Ge ddes, J. F., Daniels, R. S., & Oxford, J. S. (2003). Lack of detection of influenza genes in archived formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded brain samples of encephalitis lethargica patients from 1916 to 1920. Virchows Archiv, 442(6), 591–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-003-0795-1
Bhattacharya, S. (n.d.). Smallpox and polio eradication in India : comparative histories and lessons for contemporary policy Erradicação da varíola e da pólio na Índia : histórias comparativas e lições para políticas contemporâneas. 433–444
Lane, J. M. (2011). Remaining Questions about Clinical Variola Major. 17(4). https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1704.101960
Shafa, E. (1973). Present State of Global Smallpox Eradication 1. 9, 5–9
Mcnamee, D. (1996). plague by. 1626
Ramalingaswami, G. V. (2001). Psychosocial Effects of the 1994 Plague Outbreak in Surat, India. (August), 1994–1995
Giordano, A., & Luppi, A. (2007). Pneumonic Plague, Northern India,. 13(4)
Cherry, J. D. (2020). The chronology of the 2002–2003 SARS mini pandemic. (January). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2004.07.009
Zhong, N. S., Zheng, B. J., Li, Y. M., Poon, L. L. M., Xie, Z. H., Chan, K. H., Guan, Y. (2003). Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS) in Guangdong, People ’ s Republic of China, in February, 2003. 362, 1353–1358
Khetarpal, N., & Khanna, I. (2016). Dengue Fever : Causes, Complications, and Vaccine Strategies. Journal of Immunology Research, 2016(3). https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6803098
Mutheneni, S. R., Morse, A. P., Caminade, C., & Upadhyayula, S. M. (2017). 20Dengue burden in India : recent trends and impor tance of Epidemics and Pandemics Outbreak in India from 19th to 20th Century 63 | Page climatic parameters. Nature Publishing Group, (June). https://doi.org/10.1038/emi.2017.57
Dapurkar, D., & Telang, M. (2019). A patent perspective on chikungunya. Acta Tropica, 199(August), 105131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105131
Mascarenhas, M., Garasia, S., Berthiaume, P., Corrin, T., Greig, J., Ng, V., … Waddell, L. (2018). A scoping review of publis hed literature on chikungunya virus. In PLoS ONE (Vol. 13). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207554
Verma, S. K., & Rao, P. V. L. (2006). Japanese Encephalitis Outbreak, India, 2005. 12(9), 1427–1430
Patel, D. A., Gupta, P. A., Kinariwala, D. M., Shah, H. S., Trivedi, G. R., & Vegad, M. M. (2012). An investigation of an outbreak of viral hepatitis B in Modasa town, Gujarat, India. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases, 4(1), 55–59. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-777X.9376
Seetharam, S. (2009). Hepatitis B outbreak in Gujarat: a wake-up call. Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, 6(3), 120–121. https://doi.org/10.20529/ijme.2009.042
Paul, S., Mahajan, P., Bhatia, V., Sahoo, J., & Hembram, D. (2015). Investigation of jaundice outbreak in a rural area of Odi sha, India: Lessons learned and the way forward. Community Acquired Infection, 2(4), 131. https://doi.org/10.4103/2225-6482.172650
Kirti, Mann, P., & Gupta, R. (2014). swine flu a clear and present danger that rocked india in 2014-15;Journal of international academic research for multidisciplinary.2(4), 234–240
Arbat, S., Dave, M., Niranjane, V., Rahman, I., & Arbat, A. (2017). Analyzing the clinical profile of swine flu/influenza A H1N1 infection in central India: a retrospective study. VirusDisease, 28(1), 33–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-017-0363-y
Agumadu, V. C., & Ramphul, K. (2018). Zika Virus: A Review of Literature. Cureus, 10(7), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.3025
Biswas, A., Kodan, P., Gupta, N., Soneja, M., Baruah, K., Sharma, K. K., & Meena, S. (2020). Zika outbreak in India in 2018. Journal of Travel Medicine, (February). https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa001
Aditi, & Shariff, M. (2019). Nipah virus infection: A review. Epidemiology and Infection, 147, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268819000086
Lo, M. K., & Rota, P. A. (2008). The emergence of Nipah virus, a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus. Journal of Clinical Virology, 43(4), 396–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2008.08.007
WHO,Coronavirus disease(COVID-19) https://covid19.who.int/region/searo/country/in




