Phytochemical and Pharmacological Evaluation of Ethanolic Extract of Moringa Oleifera as Neuroprotective Agent in Vincristine Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46243/jst.2022.v7.i01.pp1-18Keywords:
Moringa oleifera, GCMS, Vincristine, Pro-inflammatory, Anti-oxidant enzyme, Nerve Conduction.Abstract
The objective of this study was to phytochemically analyze the ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Moringa oleifera and thereafter to evaluate its neuroprotective activity in vincristine induced peripheral neuropathy.The fresh leaves of Moringa oleifera were collected, powdered and extracted with ethanol. Thereafter the dried ethanolic extract was subjected to phytochemical analysis using various analytical techniques primarily GC-MS to identify the bioactive phytochemical components. Acute toxicity studies were also carried out on the extract. After overnight fasting peripheral neuropathy was induced in Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of vincristine 100μg/kg/day body weight dissolved in saline (0.1ml/kg/day). Group A served as normal control while group B was considered as neuropathy control. Group C was standard receiving methylcobalamin (50μg/kg i. p) and Group D & E neuropathy animals were treated with the extract, dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg/b. w p.o. respectively. During the investigations, studies were carried out by in-vivo models such as tail flick, acetone spray method, pain sensation test, nerve conduction test as well as proinflammatory and antioxidant studies. At the end of study, animals in all groups were sacrificed, the sciatic nerve was dissected and histopathology was performed. The interpretation of the results was done after subjecting the data obtained from various studies to statistical analysis which included descriptive statistics, ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. Ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves were phytochemically analyzed and showed presence of bioactive chemicals. The ethanolic extracts produced significant neuroprotective activity it was effective in anti-nociceptive activity, and caused changes in in-vivo anti-oxidants enzyme and nerve conduction. Further significant improvements were noted in pro-inflammatory markers. Histopathology studies indicated amelioration of histological features. In conclusion, the ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves showed potential neuroprotective activity against vincristine induced peripheral neuropathy.
References
Brilhante RSN, Sales JA, Pereira VS, Sampaio S et al: Research advances on the multiple uses of Moringa oleifera: A sustainable alternative for socially neglected population. Asain Pacific J of tropical med 2017; 10(7): p. 621-30
Kumar DS, Gopalakrishnan L, Doriya K: Moringa oleifera: A review on nutritive importance and its medicinal application. Food science and Human wellness 2016; 5: p. 49-56. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/34868
Koneri RB, Samaddar S, Simi SM, Rao ST: Neuroprotective effect of a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Momordica cymbalariaFenzl in diabetic peripheral neuropathy, Indian J Pharmacology 2014; 46(1): p. 76-81. P age 14 | 18
Sharada LD, Somshekhar SK: Isolation and characterization of phytoconstituents from Chlorophytum borivilianum. Pharm. Res 2010; 2: p. 343
Gini TG, Jothi GJ: Preliminary Phytochemical Screening. Int. J. Pharm. Phytochem. Res 2013; 5(3): p. 200-214
Anjamma M and Bhavani NL: Comparative Phytochemical Constituents Evaluation from the Fruit Extracts of Momordica charantia L. and Momordica dioica Roxb. Int. J. Curr. Biotechnol 2015; 3(8): p. 17-21
Burke RW, Diamondstone BI, Velapoldi RA, Menis O: Mechanisms of the Liebermann-Burchard and Zak Color Reactions for Cholesterol. Clin. Chem 1974; 20(7): p. 794-801
OECD (2008), Test No. 425; Acute oral toxicity: Up & Down procedure, OECD guidelines for the testing of Chemicals Section 4, OECD publishing, Paris https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-425-acute-oral-toxicity-up-and-downprocedure_9789264071049-en
Noor Ul Ain Nawaz, Muhammad Saeed, Khalid Rauf, Muhammad Usman, MehreenArif, Zaki Ullah, NailaRaziq, Antinociceptive effectiveness of Tithonia tubaeformis in a vincristine model of chemotherapy-induced painful neuropathy in mice, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2018; 103: p.1043-1051
Bannon AW, Malmberg AB. Models of Nociception: Hot-Plate, Tail-Flick, and Formalin Tests in Rodents. Current Protocols in Neuroscience 2007; 41: p. 8.9.1–8.9.16
Weng HR, Cordella JV, Dougherty PM. Changes in sensory processing in the spinal dorsal horn accompanies vincristine- induced hyperalgesia and allodynia. Pain 2003; 103: p. 131-38
Schleyerbach R, WeithmannKU, Bartlett RR. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic activity. In Drug discovery and evaluation. Vogel HG editor, 3rd ed. Germany: Springer; 2007; page No.983
Stevens MJ, Lattimer SA, Kamijo M, Van Huysen C, Sima AA, Greene DA: Osmotically-induced nerve taurine depletion and the compatible osmolyte hypothesis in experimental diabetic neuropathy in the rat. Diabetologia 1993; 36: p. 608–614
Shi X, Chen Y, Nadeem L, Xu G. Beneficial effect of TNF-α inhibition on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Neuroinflammation. 2013; 10:69 doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-69
Christiana Winkler, Florian Ueberall, Dietmar Fuchs, In Vitro Testing for Antiinflammatory Properties of Compounds, Clinical Chemistry, 2006;52 (6): p 1201–1202
Rose-John S, Scheller J, Elson G, Jones SA. Interleukin-6 biology is coordinated by membrane-bound and soluble receptors: role in inflammation and cancer. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 2006;80(2): p 227-236
Dinarello CA. Proinflammatory cytokines. Chest. 2000;118(2): p 503-8
Okado-Matsumoto A, Fridovich I. Subcellular distribution of superoxide dismutases (SOD) in rat liver: Cu,Zn-SOD in mitochondria. J Biol Chem. 2001 Oct 19;276(42): p 38388-93
Duh PD, Yen GC, Yen WJ, Chang LW. Antioxidant effects of water extracts from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) prepared under different roasting temperatures. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001;49(3): p 1455-1463
Umre R, Ganeshpurkar A, Ganeshpurkar A, Pandey S, Pandey V, Shrivastava A, et al. In vitro, in vivo and in silico antiulcer activity of ferulic acid. Future J Pharm Sci 2018; 4(2): p 248–253
Montgomery, H. A. C. D. J., and Joan F. Dymock. "Determination of nitrite in water." Analyst 1961; 86: p 414-420
Mueller, Sebastian, Hans-Dieter Riedel, and Wolfgang Stremmel. "Determination of catalase activity at physiological hydrogen peroxide concentrations." Analytical biochemistry 1997; 245 (1): p. 55-60
Griess reagent kit for nitrite determination G-7921. Product Information, Molecular Probe, Inc. Revised 9 Jul 2003. https://tools.thermofisher.com/content/sfs/manuals/mp07921.pdf
Shi X, Chen Y, Nadeem L, Xu G. Beneficial effect of TNF-α inhibition on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Neuroinflammation. 2013 Jun 4; 10:69. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-69
Dunya AL-Duhaidahawi,Hanaa Jaffer AlKabee, MeisonAbdulbary, Hayder H. AL-Ghuraibawi, Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Study of New Ligands Derived from Nalidixic acid. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 2020. 11(2) 77-81
Sargunam, J.H. and S. Thilakavathy, GCMS Profile of Bioactive Compounds with Therapeutic Potential in Beta vulgaris (L.) Ethanolic Leaf Extracts. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 2021. 33(43B): p. 354-360
Mushtaq, A., et al., Antioxidant, Antimicrobial studies and characterisation of essential oil, fixed oil of Clematis graveolens by GC-MS. Oxid. Commun, 2013. 4: p. 11067-11078
Barzaghi, F., P. Mantegazza, and M. Riva, Effects of some guanidine derivatives on neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission. British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, 1962. 19(3): p. 414-426
K Shunmugapriya, P Vennila, S Kanchana, S Vellaikumar, Identification of Volatile Flavour Compounds in Moringa Oleifera Powder and Soup Mixes. Chemical Science Review and Letters,2020; 9 (33): p.162-170
Koz, F.F.Y., N.U.K. Yavasoglu, and Z. Demirel, Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot (Chlorophyta) essential oil and extracts. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2009. 21(2): p. 1197
Ara, I., et al., Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of two different extracts of Juglans regia tree bark and search for their compounds using gas chromatography-mass spectrum. International Journal of Biology, 2013. 5(2): p. 92. P age 15 | 18
Hentenaar, D.F., et al., Erythritol air polishing in the surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical oral implants research, 2022. 33(2): p. 184-196
Bayor, M.T., S.Y. Gbedema, and K. Annan, The antimicrobial activity of Croton membranaceus, a species used in formulations for measles in Ghana. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, 2009. 1(4): p. 047-051
Hussein, H.M., R.H. Hameed, and I.H. Hameed, Screening of bioactive Compounds of Ricinus communis Using GC-MS and FTIR and Evaluation of its antibacterial and antifungal activity. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 2018. 9(5): p. 463-467
Deshmukh, M.M. and N.G. Kashid, Evaluation of TLC and GCMS activity of Dolichandrone falcata (Seem). Think India Journal, 2019. 22(31): p. 396-402
Quek, A., et al., Identification of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and α-amylase inhibitors from Melicope glabra (Blume) TG Hartley (Rutaceae) using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, in vitro and in silico methods. Molecules, 2020. 26(1): p. 1
Outemsaa, B., et al. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil of Illicium verum. in E3S Web of Conferences. 2021. EDP Sciences
Tanaka, H. and K. Soda, Effect of S-(β-Aminoethyl)-L-Cysteine on Incorporation of Lysine into Protein in Bacteria. Bulletin of the Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, 1974. 52(3): p. 506-513
Rips, R., C. Derappe, and N. Buu-Hoi, 1, 2, 5-Trisubstituted Pyrroles of Pharmacologic Interest. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1960. 25(3): p. 390-392
Sisin, N., M. Suláin, and H. Abdullah, Antiproliferative, antioxidative and compounds identification from methanolic extract of passiflorafoetida and its fractions. J. Anal. Pharm. Res, 2017. 6: p. 1-10
Srivastava, R., A. Mukerjee, and A. Verma, GC-MS Analysis of Phytocomponents in, pet ether fraction of wrightia tinctoria seed. Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015. 7(4): p. 249-253
Kiran, G.S., B. Sabarathnam, and J. Selvin, Biofilm disruption potential of a glycolipid biosurfactant from marine Brevibacteriumcasei. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, 2010. 59(3): p. 432-438
Chenniappan, J., A. Sankaranarayanan, and S. Arjunan, Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Cissus quadrangularis L. stem extracts against Avian Pathogens and Determination of its Bioactive Constituents using GC-MS. J. Sci. Res, 2020. 64: p. 90-96
Babar, A.G., A. Pande, and B.G. Kulkarni, Anti-fungal activity and investigation of bioactive compounds of marine intertidal bivalve Gafrariumdivaricatum from West coast of India. Int J Pure App Bio, 2016. 4(2): p. 211-217
Sharma, S., D.C. Saxena, and C.S. Riar, Changes in the GABA and polyphenols contents of foxtail millet on germination and their relationship with in vitro antioxidant activity. Food chemistry, 2018. 245: p. 863-870
Tulandi, S.M., L. Tanzil, and D.M. Ulfa, Analysis of Bioactive Compounds from Methanol Extract of Diademasetosum Sea Urchin Gonads using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 2021. 14(3): p. 1629-1634
Shaaban M.T., M.F. Ghaly, and S.M. Fahmi, Antibacterial activities of hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and green‐synthesized silver nanoparticles against multidrug‐resistant bacteria. Journal of basic microbiology, 2021. 61(6): p. 557-568
Cynthia EkwyOgukwe, Chris O. Akalezi, Brendan OkechukwuEzugwu, Henry Ebuka Ojukwu Evaluation of the anti-tumour agents in Annona Muricata (linn.) leaves using column chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2016.5(2): p. 5-17
Shaaban, M.T., M.F. Ghaly, and S.M. Fahmi, Antibacterial activities of hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and green‐synthesized silver nanoparticles against multidrug‐resistant bacteria. Journal of basic microbiology, 2021. 61(6): p. 557-568
Tyagi, T. and M. Agarwal, Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of bioactive constituents in the ethanolic extract of Pistia stratiotes L. and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) solms. Journal of Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, 2017. 6(1): p. 195-206
Chowdhury, S.K., et al., Isolation of antimicrobial Tridecanoic acid from Bacillus sp. LBF-01 and its potentialization through silver nanoparticles synthesis: a combined experimental and theoretical studies. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 2021. 11(4): p. 573- 587
Achi, N.K. and O. Ohaeri, GC-MS determination of bioactive constituents of the methanolic fractions of Cnidoscolusaconitifolius. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2015. 5(3): p. 163
Venn-Watson, S., R. Lumpkin, and E.A. Dennis, Efficacy of dietary odd-chain saturated fatty acid pentadecanoic acid parallels broad associated health benefits in humans: could it be essential? Scientific reports, 2020. 10(1): p. 1-14
Hirakawa, A., et al., 2-Decenoic acid ethyl ester, a derivative of unsaturated medium-chain fatty acids, facilitates functional recovery of locomotor activity after spinal cord injury. Neuroscience, 2010. 171(4): p. 1377-1385
Adeoye-Isijola, M.O., et al., Molecular characterization, gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis, phytochemical screening and insecticidal activities of ethanol extract of Lentinus squarrosulus against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus). Molecular Biology Reports, 2021. 48(1): p. 41-55
Casuga, F.P., A.L. Castillo, and M.J.-A.T. Corpuz, GC–MS analysis of bioactive compounds present in different extracts of an endemic plant Broussonetialuzonica (Blanco) (Moraceae) leaves. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2016. 6(11): p. 957-961
Anyasor, G.N., et al., Chemical constituents in n-butanol fractions of CastusaferkerGawl leaf and stem. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 2014. 3(2): p. 78. P age 16 | 18
Asghar, S.F. and M. Choudahry, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of petroleum ether extract (oil) and bioassays of crude extract of Iris germanica. International Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology, 2011. 3(7): p. 95-100
Ramya, R., S.C. Punitha, and G. Aruna, Analysis of Bioactive compounds from Stevia rebaudianaBertoni. NVEO-Natural Volatiles & Essential Oils Journal| NVEO, 2021: p. 4560–4568-4560–4568
Sudha, T., S. Chidambarampillai, and V. Mohan, GC-MS analysis of bioactive components of aerial parts of FluggealeucopyrusWilld.(Euphorbiaceae). Journal of applied pharmaceutical science, 2013. 3(5): p. 126
Al-Rubaye, A.F., A.F. Kaizal, and I.H. Hameed, Phytochemical screening of methanolic leaves extract of Malva sylvestris. Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. Res, 2017. 9(4): p. 537-552
Meher A, Behera B, Nanda B.K, GC-MS investigation of phytocomponents present in ethanolic extract of plant Ichnocarpus frutescens Int J Pharm Sci & Res, 2019. 10(10): p. 4711-16
Mahalakashmi, R. and V. Thangapandian, Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis of bioactive constituents of Maytenusheyneana (Roth) Roju& Babu (Celestraceae). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2019. 8(1): p. 2748-2752
Bohari, B., et al., Toxicity test, antioxidant activity test and GC-MS profile of the active fraction of Coptosapelta tomentosa (Blume) root (Merung). 2019
Ezirim, C.Y., et al., Protective effects of Anthocleistadjalonensis A. Chev root extracts against induced testicular inflammation and impaired spermatogenesis in adult rats. Molecular Biology Reports, 2019. 46(6): p. 5983-5994
Roy, S.J., et al., Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activities of Homalomena aromatic Schott. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem, 2019. 8(1): p. 1379-1385
Rautela, I., et al., GC-MS analyses of ethanolic leaf extract of medicinal plant Solanum nigrum. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2019. 8(7): p. 2299-2307
Khunbutsri, D., et al., Antibacterial Activity of Solanum torvum Leaf Extract and Its Synergistic Effect with Oxacillin against Methicillin-Resistant Staphyloccoci Isolated from Dogs. Antibiotics, 2022. 11(3): p. 302
Aj.Jabbar A, Abdullah FO, Abdulrahman KK, Galali y, Sardar AS. Papaver Decaisnei: GC-MS Alkaloids Profiling, in Vitro Antioxidant, and Anticancer Activity. Research Square; 2022. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1207324/v1
Hameed, I.H., et al., Identification of five newly described bioactive chemical compounds in methanolic extract of Mentha viridis by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, 2015. 7(7): p. 107-125
Swantara, M.D., et al., Anticancer activities of toxic isolate of Xestospongia testudinaria sponge. Veterinary World, 2019. 12(9): p. 1434
Sahin, N., I. Kula, and Y. Erdogan, Investigation of antimicrobial activities of nonanoic acid derivatives. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 2006. 15(2): p. 141-143
Hadi, I. and H. Mashkoor Hussein, Antimicrobial Activity and spectral chemical analysis of methanolic leaves extract of Adiantum Capillus-Veneris using GC-MS and FT-IR spectroscopy. Int J PharmacognPhytochem Res, 2016. 8(3): p. 369-385
Kamal, S.A., In vitro antifungal potential of Morganella morganii and determination of its chemical composition by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Int J Curr Pharm Rev Res, 2017. 8(2): p. 99-113
P. Santhosh, T.G. Nithya, S. Gokila Lakshmi, G. Lincy Shiny Marino, B. Balavaishnavi, M. Kamaraj, Assessment of phytochemicals, antioxidant, antibacterial activity, and profiling of functional molecules in novel freshwater fern Salvinia cucullataRoxb., South African Journal of Botany, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2022.02.030
Hasan, M.M., M.R. Al Mahmud, M.G. Islam, GC-MS analysis of bio-active compounds in ethanol extract of Putranjivaroxburghii Wall. fruit peel. Pharmacognosy Journal, 2019. 11(1) 146-149
Patil, A. and V. Jadhov, GC-MS analysis of bioactive components from methanol leaf extract of Toddaliaasiatica (L.). Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res, 2014. 29(1): p. 18-20
Natarajan, V. and A.S.A.G. Dhas, Phytochemical Composition and in vitro Antimicrobial, Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Dregeavolubilis (Linn.) Leaves. Advances in Biological Research, 2013. 7(3): p. 81-88
Amudha, M. and S. Rani, Assessing the bioactive constituents of Cadabafruticosa (L.) Druce through GC-MS. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2014. 6(2): p. 383-5
Shah, R.M., et al., Effects of different animal manures on attraction and reproductive behaviors of common house fly, Musca domestica L. Parasitology research, 2016. 115(9): p. 3585-3598
Wang, Y.-L., et al., Antiproliferative activity of Farnesol in HeLa cervical cancer cells is mediated via apoptosis induction, loss of mitochon-drial membrane potential (ΛΨm) and PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. J BUON 2018 May-Jun;23(3): p. 752-757
Kumar, M. H., Prabhu, K., Rao, M. R. K., Sundram, R. L., Shil, S., Kumar, M. S., & Vijayalakshmi, N.. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry study of one medicinal plant, Aristolochia indica. Drug Invention Today, 2019; 12(12): p. 2919-2923
Kumar D, Arora S, Alam M: Pharmacogenetic standardization and antimicrobial activity of leaves of Syzygium cumin from various region of North India. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2014;5(2): p. 62-65
Gupta J K and Qureshi Shaiba Sana, Potential benefits of Methylcobalamin: A review. Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics: 2015; 3(3): p
Jaggi, A.S., Singh, N. Analgesic potential of intrathecal farnesyl thiosalicylic acid and GW 5074 in vincristine-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Food Chemical Toxicology 2012; 5: p. 1295–1301
Kaur, G., Jaggi, A.S., Singh, N. Exploring the potential effect of Ocimum sanctum in vincristine-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Journal Brachial Plexus Peripheral Nerve Injury 2010; 5: p. 3
Wang, X.M., Lehky, T.J., Brell, J.M., Dorsey, S.G. Discovering cytokines as targets for chemotherapy-induced painful peripheral neuropathy. Cytokine 2012; 59: 3–9
Carrilho, P.E., Araújo, A.C., Alves, O., Kotze, P.G. Motor neuropathy with multiple conduction blocks associated with TNF-alpha antagonist. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 2010; 68: p. 452–454
Kobori, M., Nakayama, H., Fukushima, K., Ohnishi-Kameyama, M., Ono, H., Fukushima, T., Akimoto, Y., Masumoto, S., Yukizaki, C., Hoshi, Y., Deguchi, T., Yoshida, M. Bitter gourd suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry 2008; 56: p. 4004–4011
Lii, C.K., Chen, H.W., Yun, W.T., Liu, K.L. Suppressive effects of wild bitter gourd (Momordica charantia Linn. var. abbreviata ser. fruit extracts on inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2009; 122: p. 227–233
Nerurkar, P.V., Johns, L.M., Buesa, L.M., Kipyakwai, G., Volper, E., Sato, R., Shah, P., Feher, D., Williams, P.G., Nerurkar, V.R. Momordica charantia (bitter melon) attenuates high-fat diet-associated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 2011;8: p. 64
Bujalska, M., Gumulka, S.W. Effect of cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on vincristine induced hyperalgesia in rats. Pharmacology Report 2008; 60: p. 735–741
Kamei, J., Tamura, N., Saitoh, A. Possible involvement of the spinal nitric oxide/ cGMP pathway in vincristine-induced painful neuropathy in mice. Pain 2005; 117: p. 112–120
Maiya RP, Messing RO. Peripheral systems: neuropathy. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014; 125: p. 513-525
Gui-zhou Li, Ya-hui Hu, De-yi Li, Yong Zhang, Hong-li Guo, Yun-man Li, Feng Chen, Jing Xu, Vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy: A mini-review, Neuro Toxicology, 2020;81: p 161-171
Muthuraman A, Diwan V, Jaggi AS, Singh N, Singh D. Ameliorative effects of Ocimum sanctum in sciatic nerve transection-induced neuropathy in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008;120(1): p. 56-62
Muthuraman, A., Singh, N., Jaggi, A.S. Protective effect of Acorus calamus L. in rat model of vincristine induced painful neuropathy: evidence of anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activity. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2011; 49: p. 2557–2563
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
