A METHOD OF PREDICTING WITH MODELLING OF CYBER HACKING AND BREACHES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46243/jst.2023.v8.i12.pp01-6Keywords:
cyber security, cyber hacks, attacks, predict.Abstract
Analyzing cyber incident data sets is an important method for deepening our understanding of the evolution of the threat situation. This is a relatively new research topic, and many studies remain to be done. In this paper, we report a statistical analysis of a breach incident data set corresponding to 12 years (2005–2017) of cyber hacking activities that include malware attacks. We show that, in contrast to the findings reported in the literature, both hacking breach incident inter-arrival times and breach sizes should be modeled by stochastic processes, rather Than by distributions because they exhibit autocorrelations. Then, we propose particular stochastic process models to, respectively, fit the inter-arrival times and the breach sizes. We also show that these models can predict the inter-arrival times and the breach sizes. In order to get deeper insights into the evolution of hacking breach incidents, we conduct both qualitative and quantitative trend analyses on the data set. We draw a set of cyber security insights, including that the threat of cyber hacks is indeed getting worse in terms of their frequency, but not in terms of the magnitude of their damage.
References
P. R. Clearinghouse. Privacy Rights Clearinghouse’s Chronology of Data Breaches. Accessed: Nov. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.privacyrights.org/data-breaches
ITR Center. Data Breaches Increase 40 Percent in 2016, Finds New Report From Identity Theft Resource Center and CyberScout. Accessed: Nov. 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www. idtheftcenter.org/ 2016databreaches.html
C. R. Center. Cybersecurity Incidents. Accessed: Nov. 2017. [Online]. Available: https:// www.opm.gov/cybersecurity/cybersecurityincidents
IBM Security. Accessed: Nov. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.ibm.com/security/ data-breach/index.html
NetDiligence. The 2016 Cyber Claims Study. Accessed: Nov. 2017. [Online]. Available: https:// netdiligence.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/ 10/P02_NetDiligence-2016-Cyber-Claims-Study-ONLINE.pdf
M. Eling and W. Schnell, “What do we know about cyber risk and cyber risk insurance?” J. Risk Finance, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 474–491, 2016
T. Maillart and D. Sornette, “Heavy-tailed distribution of cyber-risks,” Eur. Phys. J. B, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 357–364, 2010
R. B. Security.Datalossdb. Accessed: Nov. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://blog.datalossdb.org
B. Edwards, S. Hofmeyr, and S. Forrest, “Hype and heavy tails: A closer look at data breaches,” J. Cybersecur., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 3–14, 2016
S. Wheatley, T. Maillart, and D. Sornette, “The extreme risk of personal data breaches and the erosion of privacy,” Eur. Phys. J. B, vol. 89, no. 1, p. 7, 2016
P. Embrechts, C. Klüppelberg, and T. Mikosch, Modelling Extremal Events: For Insurance and Finance, vol. 33. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2013
R. Böhme and G. Kataria, “Models and measures for correlation in cyber-insurance,” in Proc. Workshop Econ. Inf. Secur. (WEIS), 2006, pp. 1–26
H. Herath and T. Herath, “Copula-based actuarial model for pricing cyber-insurance policies,” Insurance Markets Companies: Anal. Actuarial Comput., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 7–20, 2011. Fig.3.5. Column chart




